Unit 1
1- Present Simple المضارع البسيط
تكوينه :- التصريف الأول للفعل .
مع الفاعل المفرد الغائب او( he ,she ,it) يضاف للفعل(s, es, ies)
يستخدم ليعبر عن حقيقة ثابتة او عادة متكررة
The earth moves round the sun.
الكلمات الدالة عليه:-
( Every day/week/month/ year …..)
always ,usually sometimes, often , rarely, scarcely ,seldomنادرا ever, never- frequently غالبا - no longer لم يعد occasionally من حين لأخر
لاحظ الاتى:- في الاختياري
He usually sleeps in the afternoon.
It is sometimes hot in.




مستقبل بسيطafter–before as soon as مضارع بسيط
when – till- until أو مضارع تام

I'll travel abroad after I finish my exams.

2- Past Simple الماضي البسيط
يعبر عن شىء حدث فى الماضى وانتهى ( التصريف الثانى للفعل)
I visited the wax museum last month.
Last (week/month/ year…)yesterday, one day ,once ,ago
in the past, in + سنة .
لاحظ استخدامه للتعبير عن عادة كانت تحدث في الماضي
When I was in Alex ,I swam in the sea everyday.


3-Present continuous المضارع المستمر
am , is , are + V + ing تكوينه :-
يستخدم ليعبر عن حدث يحدث الأن
He is studying English now.
أوشىء مرتب لحدوثه فى المستقبل
He is visiting Paris next Friday .
لاحظ :- أفعال الحواس و الإدراك والشعور لا توضع في المضارع المستمر بل توضع في المضارع البسيط مثل
(see -think - want-know understand-believe -hear (
الكلمات الدالة عليه :
Now, Look, Listen , at this moment, at the present

4-past continuous الماضى المستمر
Was / were + V + ing
عنما يكون بالجملة حدثان يكون الحدث الطويل ماضى مستمر والحدث القصير الذى يقطعه ماضي بسيط :
While I was mending the car , a friend phoned.

(While/Just as/as( بينما was/were +V+ing, ماضى بسيط
لاحظ :- اذا كان الفعلان متوازيان ولا يوجد تداخل يوضع الفعلان فى الماضي المستمر
While I was driving her lessons , I was listening to the news .
لاحظ : اذا لم يأتى بعد while فاعل يأتى بعدها ( ing )



Unit 1
Choose the correct answer:
1- I was so tired last night that I (fallen – falls – to fall – fell) asleep
2- At the moment we (are doing – do – have done - were doing) a history project at school.
3- It (does not often rain – not often rains – is not often raining – will not often rain) in Egypt.
4- I first (meet – have met – met – meeting) my best friend 2 years ago.
5- What (were you done – you were doing – do you do – were you doing) at 3 o'clock yesterday?
Find the mistakes
1- I want to be a doctor since I was ten.
2- When I was eight. I have seen a programme about a famous doctor on TV.
3- We were having a meeting at work this morning when suddenly all the lights were going out.
Unit 2 Unit 2

linking words الروابط
الروابط الاتية تأتى بعدها جملة كاملة ) فعل + فاعل )


Although – Though- Even though
Even if بالرغم من
but ولكن - however ومع ذلك
Because - as – since لان


- Although – Though- Even though / Even if) he was hungry, he didn't eat .
-He was hungry ( but / however)he didn't eat .
-He ate a big meal (because/ as / since ) he was hungry.
لاحظ :-
- However بالرغم من (صفة/ حال )+ فعل + فاعل )
- (صفة/ حال ) as بالرغم من + فعل + فاعل
- However wealthy he is , he isn't happy .
- Wealthy as he is , he isn't happy .
الروابط الاتية يأ تى بعدها ( V+ing / noun)
Despite / In spite of بالرغم من
Because of / due to / owing to بسبب
Besides, as well as, in addition to بالإضافة الى

Despite / In spite ( being hungry / his hunger) ,he didn't eat .
- He ate a big meal (because of/due to /owing to)
(being hungry / his hunger) .
-( Besides, as well as, in addition to ) going to the cinema,I visited an old friend.
- Mona , as well as I , is clever . لاحظ الفرق

So that /in order that لكى فاعل can/could+مصدر



I do more exercise (so that /in order that) I cant be fit .
To / in order to / so as to لكي ... مصدر
I do more exercise (in order to/ to / so as to) be fit .

.......................جملة مثبتة .............too أيضا
Ali likes football and I like it too .
.......................جملة منفية .............either أيضا
Ali doesn't like tennis and I don't either .

.......so + فعل مساعد / ناقص + فاعل ( و أنا أيضا )
Heba came late , so did Mona .
....neither +فعل مساعد / ناقص +فاعل ( ولا انا ايضا)
Ramy doesn't live here and neither do I.
Neither…nor ( الفعل يتبع أقرب فاعل ) لا .. ولا Neither Samy nor his friends are clever.


فاعل) ) not only فعل … but فاعل also …
He not only visited his aunt but he also went shopping .
Not only(فاعل+ فعل مساعد ) but فاعل also ……
Not only did he visit his aunt but he went shopping as well .
Choose the correct answer:
1- She plays the piano (as – as well – well – and) the violin.
2- Not only (he has been – has he been – he was – he had been) late three times. But also she has done no work
3- Besides (was – is – are – being) cold the place was damp.
4- He can’t write to his friend (because – because of – as – since) not knowing his address.
5- I had to take a taxi (as – because of – owing to – due to) It was raining heavily.
6- He won’t do any work for you (so – although – unless – in order to) you pay him.
7- I continued running (because – in order to – unless- although) I felt very tired.
8- She’s quite healthy (as – unless – even though – because) she never takes any exercise.
Find the mistakes
1- As well as she studied hard, she played tennis regularly.
2- If he reads the questions carefully, he answers them.
3- There were no accidents though the dangerous roads.
4- I like most school subjects because I don't like physics.
5- As soon as seeing the accident, I called the police.
Unit 3
past perfect الماضى التام
had + P.P تكوينه :-
لاحظ ان الحدث الاقدم يكون ماضى تام والحدث الذى وقع بعده ماضى :
After/ as soon as فاعل had +P.P, ماضى بسيط
had + p.p (before/ by the time قبل ) ماضى بسيط
after , before بدون فاعل ........ V+ing))
ماضى بسيط منفى (till/until حتى لغاية - الا لما) فاعل had + P.P
Having +P.Pبعد =After/ as soon as فاعل had +P.P
No sooner had فاعل + P.P ……thanماضى بسيط
Hardly had فاعل + P.P ……when ماضى بسيط
Scarcely had فاعل + P.P ……when ماضى بسيط
Choose the correct answer:
1- We (are looking – have looked – had looked – looking) for new furniture for the living room at present.
2- They (have just received – are just receiving – haven't just received – just to receive) a reply from the oil company.
3- She (exercise - exercises – exercising – have exercised) three times a week.
4- After he (had received – has received – receiving – receives) the fax, he telephoned us.
5- Nobody left the building until the meeting (had ended – has ended – ends – would end).
6- He (has – will have – has had - is having) a history lesson at the moment.
Find the mistakes
1- By the time my father was 18, he has been at work for two years.
2- My sister is really happy. She is just winning the first prize.
3- Alexandria was the last place I was spending a holiday.
4- In the past, people thought that the earth has been flat.
5- I will see a good film recently.
Unit 4
The future المستقبل

(1) will +متى نختار المصدر
حقيقة ، تنبؤ ، قرار سريع ، عرض عمل شيء، توقع شىء فى المستقبل
-I’ll be 16 next year. – Ok. I'll help you .
- I'm sure ,he will be a famous player
-I’ll clean the room for you .
-I expect he will be a famous singer.
وعند وجود كلمات مثل expect / I'm sure/ I think/probably

(2 )am / is / are + going to +المصدر

تستخدم للتعبير عن شىء على وشك الحدوث لوجود دليل على حدوثه
- Next vacation , I'm going to play football everyday .
- I think it’s going to rain. The sky looks dark.
- I'm going to buy a car . = I've decided to buy a car . = I've planned to buy a car .

(3) am / is / are + v + ing
يعبر المضارع المستمر عن شيء مخطط لحدوثه في المستقبل He is traveling tomorrow.
Choose the correct answer:
1- I (am flying – fly – going to fly – flies) to London tomorrow.
2- The train from Cairo (has arrived – will be arriving – arrives – was arriving) at 5.15 p.m. tomorrow morning.
3- I think I (buy – am buying – will buy – had been buying) this watch.
4- Tom (is seeing – saw – has seen – was going to see) the director in a few minutes.
5- I promise I (have bought – will buy – am going to buy – must buy) you a nice present.
Find the mistakes
1- She is gone to finish her work early today.
2- We are packing our luggage because we have gone to travel to Italy.
3- The shelf isn't well fixed. It's go falling.
4-She leaves when the meeting ends.

Unit 5
تستخدم A –An –The مع الأسماء المفرد النكرة التي تذكر لأول مرة أو وظائف أو جزء من متعدد . و لاحظ :
an hour a uniform a university a European
تستخدم the مع الأسماء الفريدة أو المكررة أو المحددة
* تستخدم قبل الصفات لتشير إلي جمع الصفة .
- The strong – the poor – the blind – the deaf.
* لا تستخدم " the " مع أسماء لا تعد : الكميات الوجبات والألعاب و المأكل والمشرب والمواد الخام والأاسماء المعنوية ...
*و لا تستخدم قبل الأماكن إذا كان الذهاب إليها هو نفس الغرض المنشأة لأجله . He went to bed early.
My father went to the school to meet the principal .
-Choose the correct answer:
1- After (a – an – the – no article) sun went down, (a – an – the – no article) moon came up.
2- (A – An – The – no article) policeman usually wears (a – an – the – no article) uniform.
3- (A – An – The – no article) intelligence is important for (a – an – the – no article) success.
4- (A – An – The – no article) hard work which John did was the reason for (a – an – the – no article) success that he enjoyed.
5- He said that (a – an – the – no article) subject he enjoyed most at school was (a – an – the – no article) Science.
Find the mistakes
1- Italy is an European country.
2- The continent to the east of Europe is the Asia.
3- The Aswan High Dam is on river Nile in Egypt.
Unit 6

طرف أول ---قصيرة المقطع صفة + er --- than طرف ثاني
طرف أول --- more / less -طويلة المقطع-- than طرف ثاني
طرف أول --- the صفة قصيرة est --- ------------
طرف أول the most / least + صفة طويلة
طرف أول as صفة فقط as طرف ثاني (تساوى)
طرف أول not as/so صفة فقط as طرف ثاني عدم تساوى) )


Ex : Ali is the older of the two brothers .
2 : The more you study , the more you learn .
Choose the correct answer:
1- This is the (hard- harder – less hard- hardest) test I’ve ever taken.
2- He is not (so – more – less – lessen) reliable as his friend.
3- My flat is (more big – less big – bigger – the biggest) than yours.
4- You didn't do as (more – less – least – much) work as I did.
5- I don't read as (much – more – most – many) books as you do.
Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences then write them correctly:
1. The much food you eat, the fatter you become.
2. No student in our class is as cleverer as Amira.
3. She is more hard-working of all the students in this class.
Unit 7 –
عاقل Who / that الذى – التى
غير عاقل which / that الذى – التى
وقت – زمن when عندما
مكان where حيث اينما يحدث كذا = in which
اسم whose اسم (اللى ملكه )
قبلها عاقل whom + فاعل
by – for – with – about ( whom )
who/ which +be + P.P = P.P
Cars which are made in Japan are expensive = Cars made in ….
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d
1. Mr. Gordon, (who – which – whose – whom) has just arrived in Egypt, is the chief buyer for a Chinese import company.
2. 1970 was the year (when – which – where – whose) my I was born in.
3. The company, (which – where – what – whose) my father works, exports goods to Europe and Asia.
4. Port Said, (when – that – which – where) his business is located, is an hour's drive from our house.
5. The Sales Manager of the company, (who – which – whom – where) is 26 years old, studied economics at university.
6. The person (that – which – where – when) the company belongs to is an accountant.
Find the mistakes
1- My cousin, where is a research chemist, works in the food industry.
2- The university where I want to go to is near my uncle.
3- My uncle Ahmed, where is a businessman , lives in Cairo.
Unit 8

فاعل + Used to مصدر و انتهت عادة في الماضي
I used to sleep in the afternoon .
I didn't use to sleep in the afternoon .
Did you use to sleep in the afternoon ?
فاعل ( am / is /are) used to + V+ ing
شىء معتاد ولانزال نفعله الآن .
I'm used to sleeping at noon .
Choose the correct answer:
1. In those days, he didn't ( use to – uses to – is used to – doesn't use) enjoy fishing.
2. He (is used to - used to – is used for – is used for) go canoeing on the river on Sundays.
3. Did he (used to – use to – is used to – was used to) do anything else as well as writing?
4. When he was five years old, my brother (use – uses – used – used to) watch all the children's TV programmes.

Find the mistakes
1. When I was young, I am used to have a phobia of spiders, but now I don't.
2. I don't use to play computer games, but now I play them occasionally.
3. When I was in Alexandria, I am used to going swimming every day.
Unit 9
The present perfect المضارع التام
( Have / Has ) + p .p
يعبر عن شىء حدث فى الماضى وانتهى منذ فترة قصيرة جدا
شىء بداء فى الماضى واثره لايزال موجود
Wًords :- just / already/ever/never /yet / so far / up till now / lately / recently
( مؤخرا) ولكن تستخدم lately في النفي


Since ..o’clock /2003 , last ..,/then/ yesterday /May



For ..minutes /...hours /...day / …weeks / a long time /ages/ the last ……
مضارع تام since ماضي بسيط
He hasn't eaten since he returned home

It's + مدة + since فاعل + ماضي بسيط

It's five years since I met him

Present perfect con. المضارع التام المستمر

Have / Has +been +v +ing
حدث بدأ في ومازال مستمراً ومحتمل استمراره في المستقبل
It has been raining since this morning .
الفرق بين المضارع التام والمضارع التام المستمر المضارع التام الحدث انتهى والتام المستمر الحدث لم ينتهى بعد
Choose the correct answer:
1- We have been building a new house (since – for – ago – in) last month.
2- We have been waiting here (since – for – ago – while) two hours.
3- He has been playing football (since – for – while – when) 16 years.
4- I (work – have to work – have been working – will work) hard since the morning.
5- She (has to revise – has been revising – had revised – revises) for the test for three hours now.
6- She (passes – is passing – has just been passing – has just passed) the driving test.
Find the mistakes
1- My father has been travelling abroad six times in the last two months.
2- I'm sorry my clothes are dirty. I clean my garage.
3- I didn't see my cousin since the last school holiday.
Unit 10
Tag Question السؤال المذيل
1- ............... جملة مثبتة, سؤال منفى? اليس كذلك
اليس كذلك ? سؤال مثبت , ............... جملة منفية2-
let’s shall we ?
Let us Will you
I’m aren’t I ?
'd + مصدر Wouldn't
'd + P.P Hadn't
أمر مثبت Will you ?
’d rather wouldn't
’d better hadn’t ?
No one , No body
Never/ no longer فعل مثبت they ?
Someone/ somebody They
Choose the correct answer:
1- She's done a lot of good work, (isn't – doesn't – haven't – hasn't) she?
2- They dug the well,, (didn't – don't – hadn't – weren't) they?
3- She'd rather stay home, (hadn't – wouldn't – couldn't – won't) she?
4- Someone has watered the garden, (hasn't he – haven't we – don't they – haven't they)?
5- He hardly does any useful work, (does he – doesn't he – don't we – haven't we)?
6- Let's find somewhere else to stay, (will you – won't you – shall we – shan't we)?
Find the mistakes
1- She didn't know the way to the station, was she?
2- Nobody is here, isn't he?
3- A lot of money has to be collected, have it?
Unit 12
لاحظ الضمائر المنعكسة الاتية :
1- He …… himself /she…..herself/I….myself/ it….itself/you….yourself(ves)/ we…ourselves/they….themselves.
2- The writer signed the copy herself .
3- by (himself / herself ) yourself = on ( his / her/ your ) own
= alone – with no help
4-My – his- her- your – our –their
ضمائر ملكية يأتى بعدهم اسم
5-mine- his- hers- yours – ours –theirs
ضمائر ملكية لايأتى بعدهم اسم
6-me- him- her- you – us –them
ضمائر مفعول يأتي قبلها فعل أو حرف جر
Choose the correct answer:
1- Did you both hurt (yourself – yourselves – herself – themselves)?
2- The dog barked on seeing (it – its – itself – herself) in a mirror.
3- The house (themselves – itself – yourself- myself) is nice, but the garden is very small.
4- We wanted to buy the table, but (it's – it – itself – its) surface was damaged.
5- We got out of the water and dried (us – we – ourselves – themselves).
Find the mistakes
1- We designed our house by itself.
2- People live in houses to protect ourselves from the weather.
3- The job herself is good but the boss is unkind.
Unit 13
If ( present simple ) , ( present simple ) zero if حقائق علمية
If you heat ice , it melts . = If ice is heated , it melts مبنى للمجهول
1- If مضارع بسيط , will + مصدر
2- If ماضي بسيط , would + مصدر
3- If ماضي تام , would + have + P.P
4-( Had) يملك حالة ثانية would + مصدر
5-Had + p.p ....حالة ثالثة would have +P.P
6-I, he ,she ,it ........ were
7- If I were you ,I would ) مصدر advice )
8-Were +فاعل to + مصدر would + مصدر
= If فاعل + ماضي بسيط
9-If / as long as/ provided that/ In case / unless فعل + فاعل (جملة كاملة )
10- In case of في حالة ( noun / v + ing )
11-But forلولا / Without بدون noun/v+ing
12-If it weren’t for + noun , would + مصدر
13-If it hadn’t been for+N ,would have+P. P
Choose the correct answer:
1. (If – Unless – In case of – Without) you do your job well, you’ll be fired.
2. (If-had-Were-Should) I to have a car, I'd give you a lift.
3. (If – Unless – Without – Had) I didn't drink too much tea, I would sleep at night.
4. If he hadn't eaten too much sugar, he (wouldn't harm – won't harm – can't harm – wouldn't have harmed) his teeth.
5. If he (read – reads – had read – would read) the papers, he would find a lot of job advertisements.
Find the mistakes
1- If I found any money at school, I'll take it to one of the teachers.
2- If you haven't taken those photos, I wouldn't have remembered our holiday.
3- If he been a doctor, he would have helped the injured man on the train.
Unit 15

Passive المبنى للمجهول
اذا كان ماقبل النقط لا يستطيع القيام بالفعل (يعنى شىء غير عاقل مثلا ) تكون الجملة مبنى للمجهول ونختار
Verb to be + P.P
am - is-are – was-were –be – been - being + P.P


The car is being mended . ( now )
A new fence will be painted .

need to be +P.P
need + V+ing
The fan needs to be fixed .
The table needs polishing .

هناك تحويل خاص مع الأفعال الأتية
said / thought / believed / known / expected
It is/was + (p.p ( الأفعال السابقة that …..
فاعل الجملة الثاني ( be) to ….. مصدر ( مضارع )
فاعل الجملة الثاني ( be) to ….. have+ P. P ( ماضى )


Causative الجملة السببية

فاعل + v to have + المفعول + p.p
- I will have my car repaired.
Choose the correct answer:
1. The Pyramids (built – have been built – were built – would build) thousands of years ago.
2. It (believes – believed – has believed – is believed) that wolves and foxes were hunted in Sinai 3,000 years ago.
3. The tombs that (will cut – were cut – was cut – had cut) into the hills can still be seen.
4. The walls around St. Catherine's Monastery (were building – have built – has built – were built) to protect the treasures inside.
5. A lot of projects (are carrying – will carry – are being carried – must carry) out at present.
Find the mistakes :
1- Before roads were building across the desert, hardly any visitors came to Dakhla.
2- You may persuade to think again if you visit this oasis.
3- The job is doing at the moment.
Unit 16
Unit 16

Modal verbs الافعال الناقصة
must + المصدر It is necessary
mustn't + المصدر not allowed/ forbidden
have to / has to It is necessary
had to It was necessary










have to
need to
must
لاحظ : في المضارع النفي
don't / doesn't have to
needn't ر مصد
don't / doesn't need to


و لاحظ الفرق بين الجملتين :
You mustn't smoke here . -
- You needn't come if you don't like .
- Choose the correct answer:
1- I (mustn't - have to – should have – needn't) be at work at 8 a.m. or my boss will be furious.
2- You (should – have to – need to – needn't) buy a pen. I can lend you one.
3- My son (has to – needn't – needn't have – need) study mathematics at school next year so that he can join the faculty of engineering.
4- You (have – have to – need to – don't need to) do all this hard work alone. I can help you.
5- Tomorrow is a national holiday. I (will have to – need to – won't have to – should) get up early.
Find the mistakes :
1- You have to take any more pills. You are quite well now.
2- You must drink this liquid. It's poisonous.
3- You have to clean the kitchen today. I'll do it in a few hours.
Unit 18 –
must be مؤكد أن يكون ( مضارع )
can't be مؤكد ألا يكون ( مضارع )
must have P.P مؤكد أنه كان ( ماضى )
can't have P.P
couldn't have P.P مؤكد أنه لم يكن ( ماضى )
مؤكد أنه لم يكن ( ماضى )

am-is- are-was – were (able to ) …. مصدر
am-is- are-was – were (capable of) …. V+ing can + مصدر ( مضارع )
could + مصدر ( ماضى )
manage to ………. مصدر
succeed in ……… V+ ing
لاحظ الفرق بين الجملتين :
-When I was 6 years , I could ride a bike.
- I managed to carry the bag alone .
Choose the correct answer:
1- There is plenty of food in the world. We (can – won't – have – should have) feed everyone.
2- He (could have – may have – needn't have – won't have) gone to the cinema, but he preferred to watch a film on TV.
3- He worked on his bike for a long time. Finally, he (could – able – ability – managed) to mend it.
4- A small dog had somehow (managed to – succeeded in – was able – could) surviving the fire.
5- When I was younger I (could – can – was able – managed) stay up all night and not get tired.
Find the mistakes :
1. In the past, people can't find clean water, so there were a lot of diseases.
2. I don't see my neighbour any more. He must moved to a new house.
3. He can read or write. He is illiterate.